Abstract
The transition to a circular economy is often associated with appropriate business models, which should, among other things, help replace the conventional `end-of-life? concept regarding commodities with restoration and environmental design. This systemic change appears to be closely linked to the waste hierarchy: prevention of waste, reuse of old commodities, and recycling of waste. The paper shows that there are various problems for businesses to maintain the waste hierarchy in the context of a circular economy. The intrinsic nature of environmental commodities and, in particular, societal path dependencies present some challenges. These societal path dependencies are related to the benefits of decentralized decision-making in a market economy. In the short term, appropriate environmental policies can help alleviate some of these problems, but in the long term, these societal path dependencies need to be reoriented. The paper contains practical examples of all issues raised.
References
Albino V., Berardi U., Dangelico R.M. (2015) Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives // Journal of Urban Technology. Vol. 22. № 1. P. 3-21. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 05.09.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092
BMU (2018) Waste Management in Germany 2018. Berlin: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). Режим доступа: https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Pools/Broschueren/abfallwirtschaft_2018_en_bf.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Bidmon C.M., Knab S.F. (2018) The three roles of business models in societal transitions: New linkages between business model and transition research // Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 178. P. 903-916. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 05.09.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.198
Corvellec H. (2016) A performative definition of waste prevention // Waste Management. Vol. 52. P. 3-13. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 05.09.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.051
Engel J., Szech N. (2017) Little Good is Good Enough: Ethical Consumption, Cheap Excuses, and Moral Self-Licensing (GEABA Discussion Paper 17-28). Frankfurt: German Economic Association of Business Administration. Режим доступа: http://www.geaba.de/wp-contect/uploads/2017/07/DP_17-28.pdf, дата обращения 05.09.2020.
European Commission (2020) Circular Economy Action Plan: For a cleaner and more competitive Europe. Brussels: European Commission. Режим доступа: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/new_circular_economy_action_plan.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Fontagne L., von Kirchbach F., Mimouni M. (2001) A First Assessment of Environment-Related Trade Barriers (CEPII Working Papers 2001-10), Paris: CEPII. Режим доступа: https://ideas.repec.org/p/cii/cepidt/2001-10.html#download, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Frost & Sullivan (2019) Smart cities. Frost & Sullivan Value Proposition. Mountain View, CA: Frost & Sullivan. Режим доступа: https://ww2.frost.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/SmartCities.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
GTAI (2019) German Trade and Invest. Environmental technologies in Germany. Fact sheet issue 2019/2020. Berlin: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. Режим доступа: https://www.gtai.de/resource/blob/64490/603917f069008c31cbf0e732983b0427/fact-sheet-environmental-technologies-en-data.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Gupt Y., Sahay S. (2015) Review of extended producer responsibility: A case study approach // Waste Management and Research. Vol. 33. № 7. P. 595-611. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15592275
Heymann E. (2020) E-mobility: Remaining a niche phenomenon for now - at least without subsidies. Frankfurt: Deutsche Bank. Режим доступа: https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/RPS_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000503906.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
ITA (2017) U.S. Department of Commerce - International Trade Administration. ITA environmental technologies top markets report. Washington, D.C.: International Trade Administration. Режим доступа: https://legacy.trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Environmental_Technologies_Top_Markets_Report2017.pd, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Kirchherr J., Reike D., Hekkert M. (2017) Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions // Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Vol. 127. P. 221-232. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005
Lewandowski M. (2016) Designing the Business Models for Circular Economy - Towards the Conceptual Framework // Sustainability. Vol. 8. Art. 43. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010043
Lifset R., Graedel T.E. (2002) Industrial Ecology: Goals and Definitions // A Handbook of Industrial Ecology / Eds. R.U. Ayres, L.W. Ayres. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781843765479.0000
MAF (2013) Towards the Circular Economy. Cowes (UK): Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Режим доступа: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
MAF (2020) What is Circular Economy. Режим доступа: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/what-is-the-circular-economy, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Meadows D.H., Meadows D.L., Randers J., Behrens III W. (1972) The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books.
Pearce D.W., Turner R.K. (1989) Economics of natural resources and the environment. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press.
Plastinina I., Teslyuk L., Dukmasova N., Pikalova E. (2019) Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in Regional Solid Municipal Waste Management: The Case of Sverdlovskaya Oblast (Russian Federation) // Resources. Vol. 8. Art. 90. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020090
Preston F., Lehne J., Wellesley L. (2019) An Inclusive Circular Economy: Priorities for Developing Countries. London: Chatham House. Режим доступа: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2019-05-22-Circular%20Economy.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Sandin G., Peters G.M. (2018) Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling - A review // Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 184. P. 353-365. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.266
Sarc R., Curtis A., Kandlbauer L., Khodier K., Lorber K.E., Pomberger R. (2019) Digitalisation and intelligent robotics in value chain of circular economy-oriented waste management - A review // Waste Management. Vol. 95. P. 476-492. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.035
Sovacool B.K. (2019) Toxic transitions in the lifecycle externalities of a digital society: The complex afterlives of electronic waste in Ghana // Resources Policy. Vol. 64. Art. 101459. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101459
Stack M., Gartland M.P. (2003) Path Creation, Path Dependency, and Alternative Theories of the Firm // Journal of Economic Issues. Vol. 37. № 2. P. 487-494. Режим доступа: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4227913, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Tencati A., Pogutz S., Moda B., Brambilla M., Cacia C. (2016) Prevention policies addressing packaging and packaging waste: Some emerging trends // Waste Management. Vol. 56. P. 35-45. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.025
UN (2020) Green Economy. Geneva: United Nations. Режим доступа: https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/green-economy, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Van Ewijk S., Stegemann J.A. (2016) Limitations of the waste hierarchy for achieving absolute reductions in material throughput // Absolute Reductions in Material Throughput, Energy Use and Emissions. Vol. 132. P. 122-128. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.051
Wiesmeth H. (2020) Implementing the Circular Economy for Sustainable Development. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Режим доступа: https://www.elsevier.com/books/implementing-the-circular-economy-for-sustainable-development/wiesmeth/978-0-12-821798-6, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Wilts H. (2012) National waste prevention programs: indicators on progress and barriers // Waste Management and Research. Vol. 30. P. 29-35. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X12453612
Wilts H. (2016) Germany on the Road to a Circular Economy? Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Режим доступа: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/12622.pdf, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Yuan Z., Bi J., Moriguichi Y. (2006) The Circular Economy: A New Development Strategy in China // Journal of Industrial Ecology. Vol.10. № 1-2. P. 4-8. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/108819806775545321
Zhu D. (1998) The circular economy and Shanghai's countermeasures // Social Sciences. Vol. 10. P. 13-17. Режим доступа: https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10019327337/en/, дата обращения 26.06.2020.
Zink T., Geyer R. (2017) Circular Economy Rebound // Journal of Industrial Ecology. Vol. 21. № 3. P. 593-602. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 26.06.2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12545

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.