Keywords
post-crisis strategies
primary sector
innovation policy
How to Cite
Abstract
As dependence on the extraction of natural resources for three BRICS countries studied in this paper (Brazil, Russia and South Africa) seems inevitable in the short and even medium-term perspective, these countries will face the need for deep modernization of their extractive industries. This paper sets out to analyze the R&D policies of Brazil, Russia, and South Africa; including Canada with its sizeable and innovative extractive industry to offer a perspective for benchmarking.
The methodology of the research combines content analysis of major scientific publications and monitoring research results, as well as policy analysis of key national government regulations in place. We consulted the data produced by major international statistical agencies like the OECD Statistics Directorate and Eurostat.
Besides that, there are not many differences in the innovation policy instruments used in developed countries vs. fast growing economies. Rather, it is their synergy, governance, targeted design, and application that make up all the differences. All four countries that were studied emphasized the overarching R&D-related policy goals like achieving a certain GDP percentage of R&D investment. However, it seems that definite fine-tuning of policy tools and structural reforms successfully implemented in developed countries is required in the case of developing countries.
Future research should focus more on the necessity of a fine-tuned policy mix for commodity-based economies to the requirements of the existing industry base. As the entrepreneurial activity in these countries is naturally limited and clustered around resource-based industries, research on policy-making should more strongly focus on companies of this sector and their influence on entrepreneurship for the economy as a whole.
References
Bigsten A. (2001) Relevance of the Nordic Model for African Development/UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper. № 131. United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Bretschger L. (2005) Economics of technological change and the natural environment: How effective are innovations as a remedy for resource scarcity?//Ecological Economics. № 54. P. 148-163.
Cassiоlato J., Vitorino Vol. (eds). (2009) BRICS and Development Alternatives: Innovation Systems and Policies. London -New York: Anthem Press.
Cleveland C., Ruth M. (1997) When, where and by how much do biophysical limits constrain the economic process; a survey of Nicolas Georgescu-Roegens contribution to ecological economics//Ecological Economics. № 22. P. 203-223.
Compete to Win (2008) Final Report. Competition Policy Review Panel. June 2008. Government of Canada.
Council of Canadian Academies (2006) The State of Science and Technology in Canada.
Dasgupta P.S., Heal G.M. (1974) The optimal depletion of exhaustible resources//Review of Economic Studies. № 41. P. 3-28.
Dasgupta P.S., Heal G.M. (1979) Economic Theory and Exhaustible Resources. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Department of Finance Canada (2009a) Canadas Economic Action Plan. A First Report to Canadians.
Department of Finance Canada (2009b) Canadas Economic Action Plan. A Third Report to Canadians.
Department of Finance Canada (2009c) Canadas Economic Action Plan. A Fourth Report to Canadians.
European Commission (2010) Delegation of the European Commission to Russia. Quarterly Report. January -March 2010.
Grimaud A., Rouge L. (2005) Non-renewable resources and growth with vertical innovations: optimum, equilibrium and economic policies//Resource and Energy Economics. № 27. P. 109-129.
Hernesniemi H. et al. (1996) Advantage Finland: the future of Finnish industries/Rouvinen P. (ed.). ETLA-The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. SITRA-The Finnish National Fund for Research and Development. Taloustieto Oy, Helsinki.
INNO-Policy TrendChart (2007) Ministério da Ciéncia e Tecnologia.
International Monetary Fund (2009) Update on Fiscal Stimulus and Financial Sector Measures.
Jaffe A., Newell R., Stavins R. (2003) Technological change and the environment/Miller K.G., Vincent J. (eds.). Handbook of Environmental Economics. North-Holland.
Kaplan D. (2004) South Africas National Research and Development Strategy: A Review//Science, Technology and Society. Vol. 9. № 2. P. 273-294.
Katz J. (2006) Cycles of creation and destruction of production and technological capabilities in Latin America. University of Oxford, SLPTMD Working Paper Series. № 6.
Kolstad C.D., Krautkraemer J.A. (1993) Natural resource use and the environment/Kneese A.Vol., Sweeney J.L. (eds.). Handbook of Natural Resources and Energy Economics. Vol. III. Elsevier Science Publishers. P. 1219-1265.
Lerner J. (2010) Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Financial Market Cycles//STI Working Paper 2010/3. Industry Issues. OECD.
Liljemark T. (2005) Innovation Policy in Canada. Strategy and Realities. Stockholm.
Martin W. (2002) Outgrowing Resource Dependence: Theory and Evidence. Development Research Group, World Bank.
Maskell P., Malmberg A. (1999) Localised learning and industrial competitiveness//Cambridge Journal of Economics. № 23. P. 167-185.
Matsuyama K. (1992) Agricultural productivity, comparative advantage and economic growth//Journal of Economic Theory. Vol. 58. № 2. P. 317-334.
May P.H. (2008) Overcoming Contradictions Between Growth and Sustainability: Institutional Innovation in the BRICS//Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment. Vol. 6. № 3. P. 3-13.
Nordhaus W.D. (1992) Lethal model 2: the limits to growth reconsidered//Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. P. 1-59.
OECD (2005) The measurement of scientific and technological activities. Oslo Manual: Proposed guidelines for collecting and interpreting technological innovation data. 3 rd edition. Paris.
OECD (2007) Reviews of Innovation Policy: South Africa. Paris.
OECD (2009a) Declaration on Green Growth. Paris.
OECD (2009b) Strategic Response to the Financial and Economic Crisis. Contributions to the global effort. Paris.
OECD (2009c) Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard. Paris.
OECD (2010) Annual Report on Competition Policy Developments in Brazil (a Report for discussion).
Ockwell D. et al. (2010) Enhancing Developing Country Access to Eco-Innovation: The Case of Technology Transfer and Climate Change in a Post-2012 Policy Framework//OECD Environment Working Papers. № 12.
Pirela A. (2007) Entrepreneurial behaviour and institutional change: the dynamics of building industry alliances in Venezuela//Science, Technology and Society. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 113-139.
Porter M. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press.
Ramos J. (2001) Complejos Productivos en Torno a los Recursos Naturales: éUna Estrategia Prometedora?//ECLAC Books. № 61. ECLAC. Santiago de Chile.
Schou P. (2000) Polluting non-renewable resources and growth//Environmental and Resource Economics. № 16. P. 211-227.
Schou P. (2002) When environmental policy is superfluous: growth and polluting resources//Scandinavian Journal of Economics. № 104. P. 605-620.
Solow R.M. (1974) Intergenerational equity and exhaustible resources//Review of Economic Studies. Vol. 41. P. 29-45.
Stevens P. (2003) Resource impact-curse or blessing? A literature survey//IPIECA. № 13. University of Dundee.
Stiglitz J.E. (1974) Growth with exhaustible natural resources: efficient and optimal growth paths//Review of Economic Studies. № 41. P. 123-137.
Tahvonen O. (1997) Fossil fuels, stock externalities, and backstop technology//Canadian Journal of Economics. P. 855-874.
Tahvonen O., Salo S. (2001) Economic growth and transition between renewable and nonrenewable energy resources//European Economic Review. Vol. 45. P. 1379-1398.
The Strategic Agenda of Government (2008) Section A. The Government of the Republic of South Africa.
Torres-Fuchslocher C. (2010) Understanding the development of technology-intensive suppliers in resource-based developing economies//Research Policy, № 39. P. 268-277.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2009) Trade and Development Report.
World Economic Forum (2009-2010) The Global Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum//The Global Competitiveness Report.
Деловая активность базовых промышленных организаций (2009/10)//Ежемесячный информационно-аналитический бюллетень. Сентябрь 2009 -апрель 2010. М.: ГУ-ВШЭ.
Комплексная программа (2007). Комплексная программа научно-технологического развития и технологической модернизации экономики РФ до 2015 г.
Концепция (2008). Концепция долгосрочного социально-экономического развития РФ на период до 2020 г.
Наука. Инновации. Информационное общество (2009). Краткий стат. сб. М.: ГУ-ВШЭ.
Основные направления (2009). Основные направления антикризисных действий Правительства РФ на 2010 г.
Основы политики (2002). Основы политики Российской Федерации в области развития науки и технологий на период до 2010 г. и дальнейшую перспективу.
Приоритетные направления (2006). Приоритетные направления развития науки, технологий и техники в Российской Федерации.
Программа антикризисных мер (2009). Программа антикризисных мер Правительства РФ на 2009 г.
Россия в цифрах. 2009 (2009). М.: Росстат.
Сайфиева С.Н. (2006) Влияние инноваций на развитие ключевых отраслей экономики России//Теория и практика институциональных преобразований в России. Вып. № 7. М.: ЦЭМИ РАН.
Стратегия (2006). Стратегия развития науки и инноваций в Российской Федерации на период до 2015 г.
Энергетическая стратегия РФ (2003). Энергетическая стратегия РФ до 2020 г.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.