Abstract
This paper proposes a knowledge co-creation roadmapping tool for knowledge creation in future-oriented discussions for members of competing firms with the aim of co-creatively envisioning the future of the industry. This approach adapts the roadmapping method to knowledge creation, thus building a communication infrastructure for discussing future plans beyond an organization (i.e., participants are from competing companies). Knowledge co-creation roadmapping could be commissioned to an open industry organization consisting of members sent by individual companies interested in overcoming obstacles to development. We put our method into practice with the subcommittee of the Engineering Advancement Association of Japan and set the subject as “The Future of Smart Social Infrastructure”, a theme involving multiple stakeholders. We were able to draw up a vision of smart technology on the basis of the insights gained through the roadmapping activities. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in terms of acquiring knowledge that could not be obtained by our own company or a single industry organization alone.
References
Amer M., Daim T.U. (2010) Application of technology roadmaps for renewable energy sector. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(8), 1355-1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.05.002
Chambers S. (2004) Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy, and the Quality of Deliberation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(4), 389-410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00206.x
Cuhls K., de Vries M., Li H., Li L. (2015) Roadmapping: Comparing cases in China and Germany. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 101, 238-250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.03.008
Daim T.U., Oliver T. (2008) Implementing Technology Roadmap Process in the Energy Services Sector: A Case Study of a Government Agency. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75(5), 687-720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2007.04.006
Daim T.U., Yoon B.S., Lindenberg J., Grizzi R., Estep J., Oliver T. (2018) Strategic Roadmapping of Robotics Technologies for the Power Industry: A Multicriteria Technology Assessment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 131, 49-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.06.006
Fenwick D., Daim T.U., Gerdsri N. (2009) Value Driven Technology Road Mapping (VTRM) Process Integrating Decision Making and Marketing Tools: Case of Internet Security Technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(8), 1055-1077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2009.04.005
Gerdsri N. (2007). An Analytical Approach to Building a Technology Development Envelope (TDE) for Roadmapping of Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 4(2), 121-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/picmet.2005.1509682
Gerdsri N., Kocaoglu D.F. (2007) Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Build a Strategic Framework for Technology Roadmapping. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46(7-8), 1071-1080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2007.03.015
Gerdsri N., Vatananan R.S., Dansamasatid S. (2009) Dealing With the dynamics of Technology Roadmapping Implementation: A Case Study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(1), 50-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2008.03.013
Gioia D.A., Corley K.G., Hamilton A.L. (2013) Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Gordon A.V., Ramic M., Rohrbeck R., Spaniol M.J. (2020) 50 Years of Corporate and Organizational Foresight: Looking Back and Going Forward. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 154, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119966
Hansen C., Daim T., Ernst H., Herstatt C. (2016) The Future of Rail Automation: A Scenario-Based Technology Roadmap for the Rail Automation Market. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 110, 196-212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.017
Kerr C., Farrukh C.J.P., Phaal R., Probert D.R. (2013) Key Principles for Developing Industrially Relevant Strategic Technology Management Toolkits. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(6), 1050-1070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.09.006
Kerr C., Phaal R., Probert D.R. (2012) Cogitate, Articulate, Communicate: The Psychosocial Reality of Technology Roadmapping and Roadmaps. R&D Management, 42(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2011.00658.x
Kerr C., Phaal R., Thams K. (2019) Customising and Deploying Roadmapping in an Organisational Setting: The LEGO Group Experience. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 52, 48-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2017.10.003
Kolb D.A., Boyatzis R.E., Mainemelis C. (2001) Experiential Learning Theory: Previous Research and New Directions. In: Perspectives on Thinking, Learning, and Cognitive Styles (eds. R.J. Sternberg, L. Zhang.), New York: Routledge, pp. 227-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605986-9
Koshizuka N., Haller S., Sakamura K. (2018) CPaaS.io: An EU - Japan Collaboration on Open Smart City Platforms. Computer, 51(12), 50-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.2880019
Lakhani K., von Hippel E. (2004) How Open Sofware Works: Free User-to-User Assistance. In: Produktentwicklung mit virtuellen Communities (eds. C. Herstatt, J.G. Sander), Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, pp. 923-943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84540-5_13
Lee J.H., Kim H., Phaal R. (2012) An Analysis of Factors Improving Technology Roadmap Credibility: A Communications Theory Assessment of Roadmapping Processes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(2), 263-280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.05.003
Lee J.H., Phaal R., Lee S.-H. (2013) An Integrated Service-Device-Technology Roadmap for Smart City Development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(2), 286-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.09.020
Lee S., Park Y. (2005) Customization of Technology Roadmaps According to Roadmapping Purposes: Overall Process and Detailed Modules. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 72(5), 567-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2004.11.006
Neureiter C., Rohjans S., Engel D., Danekas C., Uslar M. (2014) Addressing the Complexity of Distributed Smart City Systems by Utilization of Model Driven Engineering Concepts. Paper presented at the VDE-Kongress, Frankfurt am Main, 1-6 October 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3776.8646
Nonaka I. (1994) A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.14
Nonaka I., Konno N. (1998) The Concept of Ba: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation. California Management Review, 40(3), 40-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942
Nonaka I., Toyama R. (2005) The Theory of the Knowledge-Creating Firm: Subjectivity, Objectivity and Synthesis. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(3), 419-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth058
Nonaka I., Toyama R., Hirata T. (2008) Managing Flow: A Process Theory of the Knowledge-Based Firm, London: Palgrave MacMillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230583702
Nonaka I., Toyama R., Konno N. (2000) SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation. Long Range Planning, 33(1), 5-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(99)00115-6
Petrick I.J., Echols A.E. (2004) Technology Roadmapping in Review: A Tool for Making Sustainable New Product Development Decisions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 71(1-2), 81-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(03)00064-7
Phaal R., Farrukh C.J.P., Probert D.R. (2004) Technology Roadmapping - A Planning Framework for Evolution and Revolution. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 71(1-2), 5-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(03)00072-6
Phaal R., Farrukh C.J.P., Probert D.R. (2005) Developing a Technology Roadmapping System. In: Proceedings of the PICMET2005 Conference, Portland, OR, USA, 31 July - 4 August 2005, Portland, OR: Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology, pp. 99-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/picmet.2005.1509680
Phaal R., Farrukh C.J.P., Probert D.R. (2006) Technology Management Tools: Concept, Development and Application. Technovation, 26(3), 336-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2005.02.001
Phaal R., Muller G. (2009) An Architectural Framework for Roadmapping: Towards Visual Strategy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(1), 39-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2008.03.018
Phaal R., O'Sullivan E., Routley M., Ford S., Probert D.R. (2011) A Framework for Mapping Industrial Emergence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(2), 217-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.06.018
Santana E.F.Z., Chaves A.P., Gerosa M.A., Kon F., Milojicic D.S. (2018) Software Platforms for Smart Cities. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3124391
Sauer A., Thielmann A., Isenmann R. (2017) Modularity in Roadmapping - Integrated Foresight of Technologies, Products, Applications, Markets and Society: The Case of Lithium Ion Battery LIB 2015. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 321-333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.017
Serenko A. (2019) Knowledge Sabotage as an Extreme Form of Counterproductive Knowledge Behavior: Conceptualization, Typology, and Empirical Demonstration. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(7), 1260-1288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-01-2018-0007
Shirahada K., Hamazaki K. (2013) Trial and Error Mindset of R&D Personnel and Its Relationship to Organizational Creative Climate. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(6), 1108-1118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.09.005
Smith N.C., Drumwright M.E., Gentile M.C. (2010) The New Marketing Myopia. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 29(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjppm.29.1.4.
Toro-Jarrin M.A., Ponce-Jaramillo I.E., Guemes-Castorena D. (2016) Methodology for the of Building Process Integration of Business Model Canvas and Technological Roadmap. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 110, 213-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.01.009
Walsh S.T. (2004) Roadmapping a Disruptive Technology: A Case Study: The Emerging Microsystems and Top-Down Nanosystems Industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 71(1-2), 161-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2003.10.003
Wells R., Phaal R., Farrukh C., Probert D. (2004) Technology Roadmapping for A Service Organization. Research-Technology Management, 47(2), 46-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2004.11671619
Yoon B., Phaal R., Probert D.R. (2008) Morphology Analysis for Technology Roadmapping: Application of Text Mining. R&D Management, 38(1), 51-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2007.00493.x
Zezulka F., Marcon P., Vesely I., Sajdl O. (2016) Industry 4.0 - An Introduction in the Phenomenon. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49(25), 8-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.12.002

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.