Keywords
social enterprises
social entrepreneurs
third sector
entrepreneurial policy
entrepreneurial skills
entrepreneurship education
How to Cite
Abstract
Social entrepreneurship (third sector) is an increasingly important global economic phenomenon that is squarely under the academic lens. Social entrepreneurship represents an interesting opportunity for policy makers to explore new frontiers of economic growth and implement innovation in a potentially growing services sector with possible job opportunities coming from new job creation in the upcoming decades. Based on evidence from Italy, this paper considers the broader picture of this phenomenon. Addressing the need to better understand the drivers of social entrepreneurship policy, we propose a model for interpreting the impact of the recent Italian reform of the third sector at various levels of the ecosystem, which favors innovation, technology adaptation, and greater employability. The presented results contribute to laying the foundation for the further development of a theory of entrepreneurship policy.
References
Abu-Saifan S. (2012) Social entrepreneurship: Definition and boundaries // Technology Innovation Management Review. Vol. 2. № 2. P. 22-27.
Atamer T., Torres O. (2008) Modèles d'entrepreneuriat et mondialisation // L'Art d'entreprendre / Ed. A. Fayolle. Paris: Editions Village Mondial. P. 29-37.
Austin J., Stevenson H., Wei-Skillern J. (2012) Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? // Revista de Administração. Vol. 47. № 3. P. 370-384.
Autio E., Rannikko H. (2016) Retaining winners: Can policy boost high-growth entrepreneurship? // Research Policy. Vol. 45. № 1. P. 42-55.
Bacigalupo M., Kampylis P., Punie Y., van den Brande G. (2016) EntreComp: The entrepreneurship competence framework. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.
Bacq S., Janssen F. (2011) The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria // Entrepreneurship.
Borzaga C., Defourny J. (2001) From Third Sector to Social Enterprise // The Emergence of Social Enterprise / Eds. C. Borzaga, J. Defourny. London; New York: Routledge. P. 1-28.
Brouard F., Larivet S. (2010) Essay of clarifications and definitions of the related concepts of social enterprise, social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship // Handbook of Research on Social Entrepreneurship / Eds. A. Fayolle, H. Matlay. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. P. 29-56.
Charney A., Libecap G.D. (2000) Impact of entrepreneurship education. Kansas City, MO: Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
Chell E., Nicolopoulou K., Karataş-Özkan M. (2010) Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives // Entrepreneurship. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2010.488396
Corbin J., Strauss A.L. (2008) Basics of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dacin P.A., Dacin M.T., Matear M. (2010) Social entrepreneurship: Why we don't need a new theory and how we move forward from here // Academy of Management Perspectives. Vol. 24. № 3. P. 37-57.
David K., Penaluna K., McCallum E., Usei C. (2018) Embedding Entrepreneurial Skills Development in Teacher Education. Entrepreneurial Learning City Regions / Eds. J. James, J. Preece, R. Valdés-Cotera. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer. P. 319-340.
Dees J.G. (2001) The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship (working paper). Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
Eisenhardt K.M. (1989) Building theories from case study research // Academy of Management Review. Vol. 14. № 4. P. 532-550.
Elmuti D., Khoury G., Omran O. (2012) Does Entrepreneurship Education Have a Role in Developing Entrepreneurial Skills and Ventures' Effectiveness? // Journal of Entrepreneurship Education. Vol. 15. P. 83-98.
Fayolle A., Matlay H. (2010) Social entrepreneurship: A multicultural and multidimensional perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Fici A. (2018) La nuova disciplina dell'impresa sociale nella prospettiva dei suoi diversi stakeholder // Rivista Impresa Sociale. Vol. 11. P. 7-14.
Fowler A. (2000) NGDOs as a moment in history: Beyond aid to social entrepreneurship or civic innovation? // Third World Quarterly. Vol. 21. № 4. P. 637-654.
Gioia D.A., Corley K.G., Hamilton A.L. (2013) Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology // Organizational Research Methods. Vol. 16. № 1. P. 15-31.
Giudici A., Reinmoeller P., Ravasi D. (2018) Open-system orchestration as a relational source of sensing capabilities: Evidence from a venture association // Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 61. № 4. P. 1369-1402.
Glaser B.G., Strauss A.L. (2017) Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. London; New York: Routledge.
Hoogendoorn B., Pennings E., Thurik R. (2010) What do we know about social entrepreneurship: An analysis of empirical research // International Review of Entrepreneurship. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 71-112.
House R., Rousseau D.M., Thomashunt M. (1995) The meso paradigm - a framework for the integration of micro and macro organizational-behavior // Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews. Vol. 17. P. 71-114.
Huq A., Gilbert D.H. (2013) Enhancing graduate employability through work-based learning in social entrepreneurship: A case study // Education Training. Vol. 55. № 6. P. 550-572.
ISTAT (2017) Primo censimento permanente sulle Istituzioni Non Profit. Rome: ISTAT.
Johnson S. (2003) Literature Review of Social Entrepreneurship // New Academy Review. Vol. 2. Режим доступа: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246704544_Literature_Review_Of_Social_Entrepreneurship, дата обращения 11.04.2019.
Klein K.J., Tosi H., Cannella A.A. (1999) Multilevel theory building: Benefits, barriers, and new developments // Academy of Management Review. Vol. 24. № 2. P. 248-253.
Lanvin B., Monteiro F. (eds.) (2019) The Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2019. Entrepreneurial Talent and Global Competitiveness. Paris: INSEAD; Adecco Group; Tata Communications.
Lyon F., Sepulveda L. (2009) Mapping social enterprises: Past approaches, challenges and future directions // Social Enterprise Journal. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 83-94.
Mair J. (2010) Social entrepreneurship: Taking stock and looking ahead. Barcelona: IESE Business School - University of Navarra.
Mair J., Marti I. (2006) Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight // Journal of World Business. Vol. 41. № 1. P. 36-44.
Martin R.L., Osberg S. (2007) Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition // Stanford Social Innovation Review (Spring issue). P. 1-17. Режим доступа: https://www.law.berkeley.edu/php-programs/courses/fileDL.php?fID=7288, дата обращения 02.03.2019.
Matlay H. (2008) The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial outcomes // Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. Vol. 15. № 2. P. 382-396.
Mulgan G., Leadbeater C. (2013) Systemic Innovation. London: NESTA.
Nicholls A. (2010) The Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship: Reflexive Isomorphism in a Pre-Paradigmatic Field // Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 34. № 4. P. 611-633.
Painter A. (2006) The Social Economy in Canada: Concepts, Data and Measurement // Horizons. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 30-34.
Peredo A.M., McLean M. (2006) Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept // Journal of World Business. Vol. 41. № 1. P. 56-65.
Porter M.E., Kramer M.R. (2011) Creare valore condiviso // Harvard Business Review Italia. Vol. 1. № 2. P. 68-84.
Rago S., Venturi P. (2014) Hybridization as systemic innovation: Italian social enterprise on the move. Paper presented at the 5th EMES International Conference on Social Enterprise - Helsinki, June 30th - July 3rd, 2015. Режим доступа: https://emes.net/content/uploads/publications/hybridization-as-systemic-innovation-italian-social-enterprise-on-the-move/ESCP-5EMES-04-Hybridisation_as_Systemic_Innovation_Rago-Venturi.pdf, дата обращения 15.03.2019.
Saebi T., Foss N.J., Linder S. (2019) Social entrepreneurship research: Past achievements and future promises // Journal of Management. Vol. 45. № 1. P. 70-95.
Santos F.M. (2012) A positive theory of social entrepreneurship // Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 111. № 3. P. 335-351.
Shane S., Venkataraman S. (2000) The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research // Academy of Management Review. Vol. 25. № 1. P. 217-226.
Sharir M., Lerner M. (2006) Gauging the success of social ventures initiated by individual social entrepreneurs // Journal of World Business. Vol. 41. № 1. P. 6-20.
Shaw E., Carter S. (2007) Social entrepreneurship: Theoretical antecedents and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes // Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. Vol. 14. № 3. P. 418-434.
Short J.C., Moss T.W., Lumpkin G.T. (2009) Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities // Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Vol. 3. № 2. P. 161-194.
Strauss A., Corbin J. (1990) Basics of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Strauss A., Corbin J. (1998) Basics of qualitative research: Procedures and techniques for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stuetzer M., Obschonka M., Davidsson P., Schmitt-Rodermund E. (2013) Where do entrepreneurial skills come from? // Applied Economics Letters. Vol. 20. № 12. P. 1183-1186.
Thompson J., Doherty B. (2006) The diverse world of social enterprise: A collection of social enterprise stories // International Journal of Social Economics. Vol. 33. № 5/6. P. 361-375.
Tixier J., Loi M., Le Pontois S., Tavakoli M., Fayolle A. (2018) Entrepreneurship Education Effectiveness: What We Can Learn from Education and Organizational Psychology Fields // International Enterprise Education. Perspectives on Theory and Practice / Ed. J.J. Turner, G. Mulholland. New York: Routledge. P. 69-91.
Tracey P., Phillips N., Jarvis O. (2011) Bridging institutional entrepreneurship and the creation of new organizational forms: A multilevel model // Organization Science. Vol. 22. № 1. P. 60-80.
Tucci C. (2017) Il welfare familiare vale 109 miliardi, il 6,5% del Pil // Il Sole 24 Ore, 07.11.2017. Режим доступа: https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2017-11-07/il-welfare-familiare-vale-109-miliardi-65percento-pil-094250.shtml?uuid=AE4cUN5C, дата обращения 12.01.2019.
UBI Banca (2018) Interim financial report as at and for the half year ended 30 June 2018, Bergamo: UBI Banca. Режим доступа: https://www.ubibanca.it/contenuti/file/UBI%20Banca%20Interim%20Financial%20Report%20as%20at%2030th%20June%202018.pdf, дата обращения 17.02.2019.
Venturi P., Puccio A. (2018) La sfida organizzativa delle imprese a impatto sociale // Harward Business Review Italia (June issue). Режим доступа: https://www.hbritalia.it/giugno-2018/2018/06/04/pdf/la-sfida-organizzativa-delle-imprese-a-impatto-sociale-3507/, дата обращения 14.03.2019.
Venturi P., Zandonai F. (2014) Ibridi Organizzativi. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Wallace S.L. (1999) Social entrepreneurship: The role of social purpose enterprises in facilitating community economic development // Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Vol. 4. № 2. P. 153-174.
Weerawardena J., Mort G.S. (2006) Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model // Journal of World Business. Vol. 41. № 1. P. 21-35.
Zahra S.A., Gedajlovic E., Neubaum D.O., Shulman J.M. (2009) A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges // Journal of Business Venturing. Vol. 24. № 5. P. 519-532.
Zahra S.A., Rawhouser H.N., Bhawe N., Neubaum D.O., Hayton J.C. (2008) Globalization of social entrepreneurship opportunities // Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Vol. 2. № 2. P. 117-131.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.