Аннотация
Пандемия COVID-19 серьезно повлияла не только на существующие компании, но и на создание новых. В статье анализируется эффект пандемии в отношении создания, ликвидации и банкротства предприятий в Германии. Хотя общий уровень регистрации предприятий в течение первого года пандемии несколько снизился, этот эффект проявился только в некоторых отраслях. В инновационных сегментах обрабатывающей промышленности и в сфере высокотехнологичных услуг отмечен рост числа стартапов. Значительные субсидии и временная приостановка действия правил, обязывающих игроков объявлять о своей несостоятельности, ослабили рыночный отбор, что привело к снижению числа ликвидированных предприятий в 2020 г. Смягчение требований в отношении банкротства может привести к появлению значительного числа «фирм-зомби». В целом пандемия усилила текущие структурные перемены и обусловила появление новых эффектов, возможно, временных.
Литература
Apostolopoulos N., Liargovas P., Sklias P., Apostolopoulos S. (2021) Healthcare enterprises and public policies on COVID-19: Insights from the Greek rural areas. Strategic Change, 30(2), 127-136.
Assudani R., Mroczkowski T., Muñoz-Fernández A., Khilji S.E. (2017) Entrepreneurial support systems: Role of the Czech accelerator. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 21(6), 530-552.
Audretsch D.B., Falck O., Feldman M.P., Heblich S. (2012) Local entrepreneurship in context. Regional Studies, 46(3), 379-389.
Bailey D., Clark J., Colombelli A., Corradini C., De Propris L., Derudder B., Fratesi U., Fritsch M., Harrison J., Hatfield M., Kemeny T., Kogler D.F., Lagendijk A., Lawton P., Ortega-Argilés R., Iglesias-Otero C., Usai S. (2020) Regions in a time of pandemic. Regional Studies, 54, 1163-1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1798611
Baštová M., Hubáčková V., Frantál B. (2011) Interregional differences in the Czech Republic, 2000-2008. Moravian Geographical Reports, 19(1), 2-16.
Belghitar Y., Moro A., Radić N. (2021) When the rainy day is the worst hurricane ever: The effects of governmental policies on SMEs during COVID-19. Small Business Economics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00510-8
Bersch J., Gottschalk S. (2021) Gründungsgeschehen 2020 in Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund der Corona-Pandemie. Junge Unternehmen, 10, 1-6, Mannheim: Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW). http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/jungeunternehmen/jungeunternehmen_0821.pdf?v=1629293695, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Betzler D., Loots E., Prokůpek M., Marques L., Grafenauer P. (2020) COVID-19 and the arts and cultural sectors: investigating countries' contextual factors and early policy measures. International Journal of Cultural Policy (forthcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2020.1842383
Birkholz J., Guenther J., Shkolnykova M. (2021) Using Topic Modeling in Innovation Studies: The Case of a Small Innovation System under Conditions of Pandemic Related Change (Working Paper 2101), Bremen: Institute for Economic Research and Policy (IERP). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26092/ELIB/451
Brown R., Rocha A., Cowling M. (2020) Financing entrepreneurship in times of crisis: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the market for entrepreneurial finance in the United Kingdom. International Small Business Journal, 38(5), 380-390.
Buchheim L., Krolage C., Link S. (2020) Sudden stop: When did firms anticipate the potential consequences of COVID-19? (Working Paper 13253), Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA). https://www.cesifo.org/en/publikationen/2020/working-paper/sudden-stop-when-did-firms-anticipate-potential-consequences-COVID, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Congregado E. (ed.) (2007) Measuring Entrepreneurship: Building a Statistical System, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer.
Core F., De Marco F. (2021) Public Guarantees for Small Businesses in Italy during COVID-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3604114
Croteau M., Grant K.A., Rojas C., Abdelhamid H. (2021) The lost generation of entrepreneurs? The impact of COVID-19 on the availability of risk capital in Canada. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (forthcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-07-2020-0273
Dahlke J., Bogner K., Becker M., Schlaile M.P., Pyka A., Ebersberger B. (2021) Crisis-driven innovation and fundamental human needs: A typological framework of rapid-response COVID-19 innovations. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 169, 120799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120799
DeTienne D.R., McKelvie A., Chandler G.N. (2015) Making sense of entrepreneurial exit strategies: A typology and test. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(2), 255-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.07.007
Demary M. (2021) Will COVID-19 cause insolvencies, zombification or debt deleveraging? (IW-Kurzberichte 3/2021), Koeln: Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW), German Economic Institute. https://www.iwkoeln.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Studien/Kurzberichte/PDF/2021/IW-Kurzbericht_2021-Zombification.pdf, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Demirdag İ., Eraydin A. (2021) Explaining regional differences in firm formation rates: how far are government policies important for entrepreneurship? Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(2), 254-281.
Dinlersoz E., Dunne T., Haltiwanger J., Penciakova V. (2021) Business Formation: A Tale of Two Recessions. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 111, 253-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211055
Djankov S., Zhang E. (2020) Startups boom in the United States during COVID-19. Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics. https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/startups-boom-united-states-during-covid-19, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Doern R., Williams N., Vorley T. (2019) Special issue on entrepreneurship and crises: business as usual? An introduction and review of the literature. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(5-6), 400-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541590
Dvorak J., Komarkova L., Stehlik L. (2021) The effect of the COVID-19 crisis on the perception of digitization in the purchasing process: Customers and retailers perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (forthcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-07-2020-0260
Dvouletý O. (2017) Can Policy Makers Count with Positive Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Development of the Czech Regions? Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(3), 286-299.
Dvouletý O. (2018) How to analyse determinants of entrepreneurship and self-employment at the country level? A methodological contribution. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 92-99.
Dvouletý O. (2019) Development of entrepreneurial activity in the Czech Republic over the years 2005-2017. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 5(3), 38.
Dvouletý O., Blažková I., Potluka O. (2021a) Estimating the Effects of Public Subsidies on the Performance of Supported Enterprises across Firm Sizes. Research Evaluation (forthcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvab004
Dvouletý O., Fernandez de Arroyabe J.C., Mustafa M. (2021b) Guest Editorial: Entrepreneurship during the times of COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and consequences. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(4), 489-496.
Dörr J., Licht G., Murmann S. (2021a) Small Firms and the COVID-19 Insolvency Gap. Small Business Economics (forthcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00514-4
Dörr J., Murmann S., Licht G. (2021b) Corporate Insolvencies in Times of COVID-19 (ZEW expert brief 21-04), Mannheim: Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW). https://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/ZEWKurzexpertisen/EN/ZEW_Shortreport2104.pdf, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Ebersberger B., Kuckertz A. (2021) Hop to it! The impact of organization type on innovation response time to the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Business Research, 124, 126-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.051
Freytag A., Thurik R. (2007) Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 117-131.
Fritsch M., Falck O. (2007) New business formation by industry over space and time: A multidimensional analysis. Regional Studies, 41(2), 157-172.
Fritsch M., Wyrwich M. (2020) Initial Conditions and Regional Performance in the Aftermath of Disruptive Shocks: The Case of East Germany after Socialism (Jena Economic Research Paper 2020-017), Jena: Friedrich Schiller University Jena. https://ideas.repec.org/p/jrp/jrpwrp/2020-017.html, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Fritsch M., Wyrwich M. (2021) Does Successful Innovation Require Large Urban Areas? Germany as a Counterexample. Economic Geography (forthcoming). , дата обращения 16.06.2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1920391
Gourinchas P.-O., Kalemli-Özcan S., Penciakova V., Sander N. (2021) COVID-19 and Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A 2021 Time Bomb? American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 111, 282-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211109
Gropp R.E., Koetter M., McShane W. (2020) The Corona Recession and Bank Stress in Germany (IWH Policy Notes, 4/2020). Halle (Saale): IWH-Halle. https://www.iwh-halle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/iwh_online/io_2020-04.pdf, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Gropp R.E., McShane W. (2021) Why Are Households Saving so much During the Corona Recession? (IWH Policy Notes, 1/2021), Halle (Saale): IWH-Halle. https://www.iwh-halle.de/publikationen/detail/why-are-households-saving-so-much-during-the-corona-recession/, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Hamplová E., Bal-Domańska B., Provazníková K. (2021) Business activity and its Concentration in the Czech Republic and Poland in the years 2018-2020. In: Hradec Economic Days (eds. J. Maci, P. Maresova, K. Firlej, I. Soukal), Hradec Králové: University of Hradec Králové, pp. 217-224.
Hedvičáková M., Kozubíková Z. (2021) Impacts of COVID-19 on the Labour Market - Evidence from the Czech Republic. In: Hradec Economic Days (eds. J. Maci, P. Maresova, K. Firlej, I. Soukal), Hradec Králové: University of Hradec Králové, pp. 232-241.
Holtemöller O. (2021) Unternehmensinsolvenzen in Deutschland im Zuge der Corona-Krise. Wirtschaft im Wandel, 27(1), 5-11. https://www.iwh-halle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/wirtschaft_im_wandel/wiwa_2021-01_insolvenzprognose-corona.pdf, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Holtemöller O., Muradoglu Y. (2020) Corona Shutdown and Bankruptcy Risk (IWH Policy Notes, 3/2020). Halle (Saale): IWH-Halle. https://www.iwh-halle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/iwh_online/io_2020-03.pdf, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Hundt C., Sternberg R. (2014) How Did the Economic Crisis Influence New Firm Creation? A Multilevel Approach Based Upon Data from German Regions. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 234, 722-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2014-0605
Iversen J., Jørgensen R., Malchow-Møller N. (2007) Defining and measuring entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 1-63.
Jašová E., Kadeřábková B., Čermáková K. (2017) Use of the method of the stochastic trend for NAIRU estimation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia at the macro-and meso-levels. Economic Research -Ekonomska Istraživanja, 30(1), 256-272.
Kalemli-Ozcan S., Sorenson B., Villegas-Sanchez C., Volosovych V., Yesiltas S. (2015) How to construct nationally Representative Firm Level Data from the Orbis Global Database (NBER Working Paper 21558), Cambridge, MA: NBER. http://www.nber.org/papers/w21558.pdf, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Kibler E., Kautonen T., Fink M. (2014) Regional Social Legitimacy of Entrepreneurship: Implications for Entrepreneurial Intention and Start-up Behaviour. Regional Studies, 48(6), 995-1015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.851373
Klapper L., Love I. (2011) The impact of the financial crisis on new firm registration. Economics Letters, 113(1), 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.05.048
Konon A., Fritsch M., Kritikos A. (2018) Business Cycles and Start-ups across Industries: An Empirical Analysis for Germany. Journal of Business Venturing, 33, 742-761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.04.006
Korsgaard S., Hunt R., Townsend D.M., Ingstrup M.B. (2020) COVID-19 and the importance of space in entrepreneurship research and policy. International Small Business Journal, 38, 697-710. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620963942
Kuckertz A., Brändle L. (2021) Creative reconstruction - A structured literature review of the early empirical research on the COVID-19 crisis and entrepreneurship. Management Review Quarterly, 71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00221-0
Kuckertz A., Brändle L., Gaudig A., Hinderer S., Morales A., Prochotta A., Steinbrink K., Berger E.S. (2020) Startups in Times of Crisis - A Rapid Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00169.
Li R., Dong Y., Zhu Z., Li C., Yang H. (2019) A dynamic evaluation framework for ambient air pollution monitoring. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 65, 52-71.
Loan L.T., Doanh D.C., Thang H.N., Viet Nga N.T., Van P.T., Hoa P.T. (2021) Entrepreneurial behaviour: The effects of fear and anxiety of Covid-19 and business opportunity recognition. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 9(3), 7-23.
Muñoz P., Kimmitt J. (2019) Rural entrepreneurship in place: An integrated framework. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(9-10), 842-873.
Müller S. (2021) Insolvenzen in der Corona-Krise (IWH Policy Notes, 2/2021), Halle (Saale): IWH-Halle. https://www.iwh-halle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/iwh_policy_notes/iwh-pn_2021-02_de_Insolvenzen.pdf, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Nakara W.A., Laouiti R., Chavez R., Gharbi S. (2020) An economic view of entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(8), 1807-1826.
Neumann T. (2020) The impact of entrepreneurship on economic, social and environmental welfare and its determinants: A systematic review. Management Review Quarterly, 71, 553-584.
Novotný L., Pellešová P. (2021) Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Regulation to Tourism in the Czech Republic. Central European Public Administration Review, 19(1), 199-222.
OECD (2021) OECD Economic Outlook, 2021(1), Paris: OECD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/edfbca02-en
Pedauga L., Sáez F., Delgado-Márquez B.L. (2021) Macroeconomic lockdown and SMEs: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Small Business Economics (forthcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00476-7
Pelucha M., Kveton V., Potluka O. (2019) Using mixed method approach in measuring effects of training in firms: Case study of the European Social Fund support. Evaluation and Program Planning, 73, 146-155.
Petkovski M., Kjosevski J., Jovanovski K. (2018) Empirical Panel Analysis of Non-Performing Loans in the Czech Republic. What are their Determinants and How Strong is Their Impact on the Real Economy? Finance a Uver, 68(5), 460-490.
Rashid S., Ratten V. (2021) Entrepreneurial ecosystems during COVID-19: The survival of small businesses using dynamic capabilities. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development (forthcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-09-2020-0110
Ratinger T., Čadil V., Agyemang S.A. (2020) Are there any economic impacts of business R&D support? The case of the Czech Republic. Central European Business Review, 9(5), 45-62.
Ratten V. (2020) Coronavirus (covid-19) and entrepreneurship: Changing life and work landscape. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(5), 503-516.
Santos S.C., Caetano A., Spagnoli P., Costa S.F., Neumeyer X. (2017) Predictors of entrepreneurial activity before and during the European economic crisis. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(4), 1263-1288.
Stenholm P., Acs Z.J., Wuebker R. (2013) Exploring country-level institutional arrangements on the rate and type of entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(1), 176-193.
Storr V.H., Haeffele S., Lofthouse J.K., Grube L.E. (2021) Essential or not? Knowledge problems and COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. Southern Economic Journal, 87(4), 1229-1249.
Torrès O., Benzari A., Fisch C., Mukerjee J., Swalhi A., Thurik R. (2021) Risk of burnout in French entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 crisis. Small Business Economics (forethcoming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00516-2
Urbano D., Aparicio S., Audretsch D. (2019) Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: What has been learned? Small Business Economics, 53(1), 21-49.
Verbeek M. (2008) A guide to modern econometrics, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Wollmershäuser T., Göttert M., Grimme C., Lautenbacher S., Lehmann R., Link S., Möhrle S., Rathje A., Reif M., Sandqvist P., Šauer R., Stöckli M. (2021) ifo Konjunkturprognose Frühjahr 2021: Deutsche Wirtschaft taumelt in die dritte Coronawelle (ifo Schnelldienst digital, 9), München: ifo Institut. https://www.ifo.de/publikationen/2021/aufsatz-zeitschrift/ifo-konjunkturprognose-fruehjahr-2021-deutsche-wirtschaft, дата обращения 16.06.2021.
Čadil J., Mirošník K., Rehák J. (2017) The lack of short-term impact of cohesion policy on the competitiveness of SMEs. International Small Business Journal, 35(8), 991-1009.
Żak M., Garncarz J. (2020) Economic policy towards the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic in selected European Union countries. International Entrepreneurship Review, 6(4), 21-34
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.