Аннотация
Анализ факторов, обусловливающих выбор транснациональными компаниями (ТНК) места своей дислокации за пределами страны происхождения для осуществления исследований и разработок (ИиР), обычно ограничивается национальным уровнем. Лишь изредка в таких случаях рассматриваются региональные аспекты. Стремясь восполнить подобный пробел, авторы статьи рассматривают факторы, определяющие технологическую активность иностранных компаний в Германии — наиболее активной среди европейских стран в привлечении ИиР из-за рубежа и вместе с тем отличающейся максимальной неоднородностью распределения запатентованных технологий по регионам. На основе агрегированных данных проводится анализ влияния различных источников экстерналий на интенсивность зарубежной технологической активности в тех или иных регионах. Особое внимание уделено роли перетоков локальных знаний, технологической специализации и диверсификации. Зарубежные и внутренние факторы, определяющие специализацию, дифференцируются с учетом региональной и отраслевой специфики. Для оценки интернационализации ИиР концепция «трансграничной собственности» впервые рассмотрена на фоне данных о патентах в региональном разрезе.
Результаты исследования верифицировались при помощи ряда гипотез. Так, подтвердились предположения о том, что важнейшими факторами для привлечения иностранных ИиР являются переток знаний из науки в промышленность и технологическая специализация регионов в соответствующих секторах, причем позитивный эффект гораздо заметнее, если специализация детерминирована зарубежными игроками. Вместе с тем, гипотеза о негативном влиянии специализации местных производителей на зарубежную технологическую деятельность, а также о преимуществах «диверсификационного» (межсекторального) перетока знаний в сравнении со «специализационным» (внутрисекторальным) оказалась безосновательной. Следует учитывать и тот факт, что направление эффекта специализации зависит от прочности позиций местных производителей и от баланса потоков знаний между ними и иностранными субъектами.
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