Keywords
clean energy
water access
clean water
Sustainable Development Goals
Energy-Water Nexus
natural resource management
United Nations
How to Cite
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate a close interdependence between the water and energy industries given that energy production is usually characterized by high water-consuming capacity and that increasing water availability requires significant energy costs. The integration of energy and water policies at the global and national levels is seen as a tool for achieving sustainable development goals. The paper analyzes the opportunities for countries to ensure equal access to clean water and electricity due to such integration. The case studies of India, Ghana, and Morocco illustrate how to achieve success when applying a nexus approach to water and energy policy.
This study offers unique contributions to the literature by providing a pioneering analysis of the relationship between global goals for energy and water access and national governments’ abilities to develop synergistic energy and water policies. The proposed approach to integrating energy and water use could be applied throughout the full range of sustainable development goals and will be crucial for the success of countries in their implementation.
References
Al-Karaghouli A., Renne D., Kazmerski L.L. (2009) Solar and wind opportunities for water desalination in the Arab regions // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 13. № 9. Р. 2397-2407.
Arora D.S., Busche S., Cowlin S., Engelmeier T., Jaritz J., Milbrandt A., Wang S. (2010) Indian Renewable Energy Status Report: Background Report for DIREC 2010 (NREL/TP-6A20-48948, 991558). Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Режим доступа: http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/Indian_RE_Status_Report.pdf, дата обращения 12.08.2018.
Bieber N., Ker J.H., Wang X., Triantafyllidis C., van Dam K.H., Koppelaar R.H.E.M., Shah N. (2018) Sustainable planning of the energy-water-food nexus using decision making tools // Energy Policy. Vol. 113. P. 584-607. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 25.09.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.037
Biermann F., Kanie N., Kim R. (2017) Global governance by goal-setting: The novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals // Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Vol. 26-27. P. 26-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010
Bonte M., Stuyfzand P.J., Hulsmann A., Van Beelen P. (2011) Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union // Ecology and Society. Vol. 16. № 1. Article 22 [online]. Режим доступа: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art22/, дата обращения 18.12.2017.
Clark A., Davis M., Eberhard A., Gratwick K., Wamukonya N. (2005) Power Sector Reform in Africa: Assessing the Impact on Poor People. Report Prepared by the Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Copeland C., Carter N.T. (2017) Energy-Water Nexus: The Water Sector’s Energy Use. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Cosgrove W.J., Rijsberman F.R. (2000) World Water Vision: Making Water Everybody’s Business. London: Earthscan Publications.
Costa J., Hailu D., Silva E., Tsukada R. (2009) The Implications of Water and Electric Supply for the Time Allocation of Women in Rural Ghana (Working Paper № 59). Brasilia: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, United Nations Development Programme.
Dalla-Marta A., Natali F., Mancini M., Ferrise R., Bindi M., Orlandini S. (2011) Energy and Water Use Related to the Cultivation of Energy Crops: A Case Study in the Tuscany Region // Ecology and Society. Vol. 16. № 2. Article 2 [online]. Режим доступа: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss2/art2/, дата обращения 17.10.2018.
Energy Commission of Ghana (2012) Sustainable Energy for All Action Plan. Accra: Energy Commission of Ghana.
Fan J.-L., Kong L.-S., Zhang X. (2018) Synergetic effects of water and climate policy on energy-water nexus in China: A computable general equilibrium analysis // Energy Policy. Vol. 123. P. 308-317. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 18.12.2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.09.002
Government of India (2017) Guidelines for Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (Saubhagya). Delhi: Ministry of Power, Government of India.
Government of Morocco (2016) Programme for Large-scale Deployment of Solar Pumping in Irrigation Water Saving Projects. Rabat: Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment, Government of the Kingdom of Morocco.
Hussey K., Pittock J. (2012) The Energy-Water Nexus: Managing the Links between Energy and Water for a Sustainable Future // Ecology and Society. Vol. 17. № 1. Article 31 [online]. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 18.12.2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04641-170131
IEA (2013) Renewable Energy Act. Law 13-09. Paris: International Energy Agency. Режим доступа: https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Morocco, дата обращения 18.12.2017.
IEA (2014) Renewable Energy Act 2011. Paris: International Energy Agency. Режим доступа: https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/ghana/name-130043-en.php, дата обращения 18.12.2017.
IEA (2016) World Energy Outlook 2016: Water-Energy Nexus. Paris: International Energy Agency.
IEA (2018) Global Energy and CO2 Status Report 2017. Paris: International Energy Agency. Режим доступа: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/GECO2017.pdf, дата обращения 10.05.2018.
ILEC, UNEP (1993) Data Book of Lake Environments: A Survey of the State of World Lakes. Otsu, Japan: International Lake Environment Committee, United Nations Environmental Programme.
Kahrl F., Roland-Holst D. (2008) China's water - energy nexus // Water Policy. Vol. 10. P. 51-65. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 10.05.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.052
Kumar N.M., Kanchikere J., Mallikarjun P. (2018) Floatovoltaics: Towards improved energy efficiency, land and water management // International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. Vol. 9. P. 1089-1096.
Macknick J., Newmark R., Heath G., Hallett K.C. (2012) Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: A review of existing literature // Environmental Research Letters. Vol. 7. Article 045802 [online]. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 17.10.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045802
Mekonnen M., Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Y. Hoekstra, A. (2015) The consumptive water footprint of electricity and heat: A global assessment // Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. Vol. 1. P. 285-297. Режим доступа: B, дата обращения 17.10.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EW00026
Nath A. (2011) India's Progress Toward Achieving the Millennium Development Goals // Indian Journal of Community Medicine. Vol. 36. № 2. Р. 85-92.
Pittock J., Hussey K., Dovers S. (2015) Climate, Energy and Water. New-York: Cambridge University Press.
Rasul G. (2016) Managing the food, water, and energy nexus for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in South Asia // Environmental Development. Vol. 18 (April). P. 14-25.
Ritchie H., Roser M. (2018) Water Access, Resources & Sanitation [online]. Режим доступа: https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation, дата обращения 10.06.2018.
Rivera J.M., Munoz M.J., Moneva J.M. (2017) Revisiting the Relationship Between Corporate Stakeholder Commitment and Social and Financial Performance // Sustainable Development. Vol. 25. № 6. P. 482-494.
Rothausen S.G.S.A., Conway D. (2011) Greenhouse-gas emissions from energy use in the water sector // Nature Climate Change. Vol. 1. P. 210-219. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 10.06.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1147
Sachs J., Schmidt-Traub G., Kroll C., Lafortune G., Fuller G. (2018) SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2018. New York: Bertelsmann Stiftung and Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN).
Scott C.A., Pierce S.A., Pasqualetti M.J., Jones A.L., Montz B.E., Hoover J.H. (2011) Policy and institutional dimensions of the water-energy nexus // Energy Policy. Vol. 39. P. 6622-6630. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 15.09.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.013
Sengupta D. (2017) NTPC installs India's largest floating solar PV plant in Kerala // The Economic Times. 10.03.2017. Режим доступа: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-installs-indias-largest-floating-solar-pv-plant-in-kerala/articleshow/57577004.cms, дата обращения 28.06.2018.
Servert J., Cerrajero E., Fuentealba E. (2016) Synergies of solar energy use in the desalination of seawater: A case study in northern Chile. Paper presented at the SOLARPACES 2015: AIP International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Режим доступа: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/, дата обращения 28.06.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4949232
Siddiqi A., Anadon L.D. (2011) The water-energy nexus in Middle East and North Africa // Energy Policy. Vol. 39. P. 4529-4540. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 10.06.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.023
Sklarew J.F., Sklarew D.M. (2017) Empowering Resilience in Energy and Water Systems: Addressing Barriers to Implementation of Urban Hydroelectric Micro-turbines. The CIP Report. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
Spang E.S., Moomaw W.R., Gallagher K.S., Kirshen P.H., Marks D.H. (2014) The water consumption of energy production: An international comparison // Environmental Research Letters. Vol. 9. № 10. Article 105002. Режим доступа: http://iopscience.iop.org/article//pdf, дата обращения 15.06.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105002
Stillwell A.S., King C.W., Webber M.E., Duncan I.J., Hardberger A. (2011) The Energy-Water Nexus in Texas // Ecology and Society. Vol. 16. № 1. Article 2 [online]. Режим доступа: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art2/, дата обращения 19.07.2018.
Tan C., Zhi Q. (2016) The Energy-Water Nexus: A Literature Review of the Dependence of Energy on Water // Energy Procedia. Vol. 88. P. 277-284. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 24.08.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.154
Teschner N., McDonald A., Foxon T.J., Paavola J. (2012) Integrated transitions toward sustainability: The case of water and energy policies in Israel // Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Vol. 79. № 3. P. 457-468.
UN (2015) Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. New York: United Nations Publications.
UN (2018) The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018. New York: United Nations Publications.
UN DESA (2017) World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision [online]. Режим доступа: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/database/index.shtml, дата обращения 10.05.2018.
UN General Assembly (2017) Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313). Режим доступа: http://ggim.un.org/documents/A_RES_71_313.pdf, дата обращения 24.08.2018.
UNDP (2017a) Country programme document for the Kingdom of Morocco. Geneva: United Nations.
UNDP (2017b) United Nations Development Programme Strategic Plan 2018-21. Geneva: United Nations.
UNESCO (2018) The United Nations World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-Based Solutions for Water. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
UNICEF (2017) Drinking Water [online database]. Режим доступа: https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/drinking-water/, дата обращения 10.05.2018.
UNSD (2018) SDG Indicators [online database]. Режим доступа: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database, дата обращения 10.05.2018.
WHO, UNICEF (2017) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. Program Data [online database]. Режим доступа: https://washdata.org/data дата обращения 10.06.2018.
Weinthal E. (2018) The Sustainable Development Goals in Global Environmental Politics // A Research Agenda for Global Environmental Politics / Eds. P. Dauvergne, J. Alger. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. P. 39-49.
Weitz N., Nilsson M., Davis M. (2014) A Nexus Approach to the Post-2015 Agenda: Formulating Integrated Water, Energy, and Food SDGs // SAIS Review of International Affairs. Vol. 34. P. 37-50. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 17.09.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2014.0022
World Bank (2018a) Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2018. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Режим доступа: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/, дата обращения 22.10.2018.
World Bank (2018b) World Bank Development Data Group Open Data [online database]. Режим доступа: https://data.worldbank.org/, дата обращения 10.06.2018.
World Energy Council (2013) World Energy Resources 2013 Survey. London: World Energy Council.
World Energy Council (2018) World Energy Trilemma Report 2018. London: World Energy Council.
Yumkella K.K., Yillia P.T. (2015) Framing the Water-Energy Nexus for the Post-2015 Development Agenda // Aquatic Procedia. Vol. 5. P. 8-12. Режим доступа: , дата обращения 17.09.2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.10.003
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.