ISSN 1995-459X print E-ISSN 2312-9972 online ISSN 2500-2597 online English
Editor-in-chief Leonid Gokhberg
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2007. vol. 1. No. 3
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Strategies
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4–11
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The article reviews the results of Foresight project on the definition of innovation priorities for power engineering. Their support will facilitate the introduction of high-tech and resource-saving technologies, and production of new competitive products and the development of export-oriented industries. |
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12–17
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Russia can and must take a leading position in promoting renewable energy. The widespread use of renewable energy sources will contribute to economic growth; improve living standards and quality of the environment. Simultaneously, Russia go the way of prevention of irreversible changes in the global climate system. |
Innovation and Economy
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18–27
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Scientific and technological infrastructure in the field of biotechnology covers many universities, research centers, interrogators, technological institutes, research funds, which carry out research and training. To assess the scope of their activities in Brazil authors used a database prepared by the research group of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). With its help the most important biotech sectors at both the national and international levels were analysed. |
Science
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28–32
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"We are now at the level of development of nanotechnology, which allows only improve the performance of existing materials, but do not give them a qualitatively new properties. The real breakthroughs come to pass when we learn to do what nature does - namely, to create artificial materials with complex hierarchical structure ", - argues Academician Mikhail Alafimov, Director of the Center for Photochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences. |
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34–48
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The paper considers the first results of a project initiated in 2004 by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with the Statistics Department of the European Commission (Eurostat) and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The purpose of the study is to develop a system of internationally comparable indicators to assess the level of professional development and mobility of doctorate holders. The first selection of information was produced in 2005 by seven countries. These data reflected the demographic and educational structure of the contingent of doctorate holders, particularly their employment, the demand on the labor market. |
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49–53
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The demographic history of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) was investigated. We attempted to evaluate main demographic characteristics and role of mortality decrease among the members and corresponding members of the Academy. The number of academicians and their mean age remained relatively stable up to 1921. Intensive growth in number of academicians started in the 1920s. It grew from 225 in 1921 to 1116 in the mid-2006. Between 1921 and 1960 this growth was accompanied by decrease in the mean age of academicians: from 64.9 in 1921 to 60.1 in the end of the 1940s. Since the 1950s, the mean age has been increasing reaching the maximal level of 69.4 years in the mid-2006. To describe mortality level of academicians, we calculated abridged life tables for each ten-year period. Our results show that, until 1951, life expectancy at age 50 among academicians fluctuated at the level 20.4 - 23.1 years. In the end of 19th century, life expectancy advantage of academicians against the life expectancy of Russian males was only one year. At the same time, life expectancy of the Russian academicians was 1.8 years lower than for Swedish men. Between 1941-1950 and 2001-2006, life expectancy of members of the Academy grew by about 10 years (from 22.1 to 31.9 years). Mean age of newly elected members of the Academy has been relatively stable. Throughout the whole period, this indicator was fluctuating between 49.8 and 56.0 years. Thus, aging of the academic community is mainly related to life expectancy growth. As result, due to simultaneous mortality decline and aging of academicians, crude death rate has remained almost unchanged throughout the period (around 25 per 1000). Only slightly higher rates were observed at the beginning and at the end of the period of observation. Adverse mortality trends among adult Russian males did not affect the academic community. As result, opposite mortality trends occurred among the total males and academic elite. The difference in life expectancy at age 50 increased from 2.4 years in 1951-1960 (24.3 versus 21.9 years) to 13.6 years in 2000-2006 (31.9 versus 18.3 years). However, life expectancy in the academic community is unexpectedly low. According to the most recent data, life expectancy of Russian academicians is only 2 years higher than for all Swedish men and 0.7 year lower than for highly educated Swedish men with non-manual occupational status. It is difficult to explain such low life expectancy of Russian academicians. Unfavorable male mortality situation in Russia is usually attributed to the consequences of heavy. |
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53–57
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The small performers, whose costs for R&D are less than 100 thousand dollars per year, consist more than half of total organisations involved in R&D in Canada. This vast segment includes companies of all sizes (both in number of employees and amount of income), and employs seven percent of all personnel performing R&D. But at the same time, the share of small performers makes only two percent of total expenditure on R&D in the Canadian private sector. |
Government
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58–65
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During the Soviet period there was no need to develop special laws on science and innovation. Exceptions were taken by separate rules governing the work of scientists. Innovations were introduced into production with support from the government. Particularly effectively - in the military-industrial complex. Today, public support can not and should not be confined to finance. It is equally important to create a favorable legal climate for enhancing research and innovation in both public and private sectors. |
Master Class
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66–75
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The unprecedented economic growth in Ireland, which began in 1990 and lasted for a decade, was based on a model of economic development, and characterized by a combination of the three "T" - Technologies, Talents, Tolerance. But yesterday's advantages have lost their relevance as a result of profound global transformations. To preserve and strengthen the position achieved in the new context, the Irish have developed a new strategy, appropriate to existing and future challenges and opportunities. Strategies were based on the identified platform for growth and possible scenarios. |
Presentation
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