TY  - JOUR
TI  - Robotics: Breakthrough Technologies, Innovation, Intellectual Property
T2  - Foresight and STI Governance
IS  - Foresight and STI Governance
KW  - robotics
KW  - robot
KW  - artificial intelligence
KW  - patent
KW  - trade secret
KW  - intellectual property
KW  - copyright
AB  - Robotics technology and the increasing sophistication of artificial intelligence are breakthrough innovations with significant growth prospects. They have the potential to disrupt existing socio-economic facets of everyday life. Yet few studies have analysed the development of robotics innovation. This paper closes this gap by analysing current developments in innovation in robotics; how it is diffused, and what role is played by intellectual property (IP). The paper argues that robotics clusters are mainly located in the US and Europe, despite a growing presence in South Korea and China. The robotics innovation ecosystem builds on cooperative networks of actors, including individuals, research institutions, and firms. Governments play a significant role in supporting robotics innovation through funding, military demand, and national robotics strategies. Robotics competitions and prizes provide for an important incentive to innovation. Patents are used to exclude third parties to secure freedom of operation, license technologies, and avoid litigation. The countries with the highest number of patent claims are Japan, China, South Korea, and the US. The growing stock of patents owned by universities and PROs, particularly in China, is noteworthy too. Automotive and electronics companies are still the largest patent filers, but medical technologies and the Internet are emerging as new actors in the field. Secrecy is often used as a tool to appropriate innovation. Copyright protection is relevant to robotics also, mainly for its role in protecting software. Finally, open-source robotics platforms are increasingly used in the early stages of the innovation process as they allow new actors in the robotics field to optimize their initial spending on innovation.
AU  - Andrew Keisner
AU  - Julio Raffo
AU  - Sacha Wunsch-Vincent
UR  - https://foresight-journal.hse.ru/en/2016-10-2/185673362.html
PY  - 2016
SP  - 7-27
VL  - 10